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EN_00957730_2962
EN_00957730_2962

Johannes Muller von Konigsberg (1436-1476), known by his Latin pseudonym Regiomontanus, a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. Portrait from Liber chronicarum mundi, Nuremberg (1493).

EN_00957730_2972
EN_00957730_2972

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Danish astronomer. After becoming interested in astronomy as a student in Copenhagen, Tycho Brahe realized the difficulty of making accurate measurements of celestial bodies with the instruments of the day. His designs for new methods and devices won him great fame. He was granted an estate on the island of Hven to conduct his research, and funding to built the Uraniborg observatory. From there he generated the most accurate astronomical data of his time. He was exiled to Prague in 1597 and was assisted in his work there by Johannes Kepler until his death. Due to a duelling injury at university, he always wore a metal nose prosthetic.

EN_00957730_2973
EN_00957730_2973

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Danish astronomer. After becoming interested in astronomy as a student in Copenhagen, Tycho Brahe realized the difficulty of making accurate measurements of celestial bodies with the instruments of the day. His designs for new methods and devices won him great fame. He was granted an estate on the island of Hven to conduct his research, and funding to built the Uraniborg observatory. From there he generated the most accurate astronomical data of his time. He was exiled to Prague in 1597 and was assisted in his work there by Johannes Kepler until his death. Due to a duelling injury at university, he always wore a metal nose prosthetic.

EN_00957730_3014
EN_00957730_3014

Richard Anthony Proctor, English astronomer, best known for producing one of the earliest maps of Mars in 1867 from 27 drawings by the English observer William Rutter Dawes.

EN_00957730_3463
EN_00957730_3463

Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the Polish astronomer who first claimed that the Universe was centered around the Sun. From 1512, he developed a mathematical model for this heliocentric theory. This system contrasted with the thousand-year-old Earth-centered Ptolemaic system, to which the Roman Catholic church adhered. Copernicus feared persecution and delayed publication of his book, "The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres," until 1543. The book was banned by the Roman Catholic church from 1616 until 1835. Color enhancement of BN2273.

EN_00957730_3468
EN_00957730_3468

Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (1611-1687) and his wife Elisabetha observing the stars. This is an illustration from Hevelius' book "Machina Coelestis" (Celestial Machine). Hevelius invented ten new constellations, seven of which are still recognized by astronomers. Elisabetha Koopman, Hevelius' second wife and assistant, completed her husband's final project after his death. Color enhancement of BN2268.

EN_00957730_3470
EN_00957730_3470

Christoph Scheiner (c.1573-1650), a German Jesuit father, physicist and astronomer, and a co-discoverer of sunspots. Color enhancement of BN2271.

EN_00957730_3471
EN_00957730_3471

Portrait of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), the Polish astronomer who first claimed that the Universe was centered around the Sun. From 1512, he developed a mathematical model for this heliocentric theory. This system contrasted with the thousand-year-old Earth-centered Ptolemaic system, to which the Roman Catholic church adhered. Copernicus feared persecution and delayed publication of his book, "The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres," until 1543. The book was banned by the Roman Catholic church from 1616 until 1835. Color enhancement of BN2272.

EN_00957730_3747
EN_00957730_3747

"The doctor discovers, one by one, the secrets of the human body." Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), the Belgian anatomist who founded modern anatomy. In Italy, Vesaluis revolutionized the study of anatomy, ending the teaching of Galen and practicing direct observation by dissection. His results were published in 1543 in the famous book De Humani Corporis Fabrica (On Structure of the Human Body). The first accurate work on human anatomy, it included many descriptions and fine woodcuts. After this early success, he became a court physician and all but gave up research. Color enhancement of 9N1103.

EN_00304854_0316
EN_00304854_0316

Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (1571-1630). Kepler devised the three fundamental laws of planetary motion. These laws were based on detailed observations of the planets made by Tycho Brahe and himself. Kepler's first law states that the planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. The second law states that the closer a planet comes to the Sun, the faster it moves. Kepler's third law states that the ratio of the cube of a planet's mean distance from the Sun to the square of its orbital period is a constant. Newton used these ideas to formulate his theory of gravity. Enhancement of black and white image 7p8543.

EN_00304854_0307
EN_00304854_0307

Democritus of Abdera (470-400 BC), Greek philosopher and the father of atomic theory. Democritus published works on ethics, physics, mathematics, cosmology and music. Very little has survived but his theories are known through commentaries on his work by later philosophers. In his atomic theory he stated that matter is made up of tiny indivisible particles called atoms. The properties of different substances were determined by the physical features of the atoms. For instance, atoms of water were smooth and round whilst atoms of fire were thorny. He believed that the motion of atoms was dictated by definite universal laws of nature and not by the will of the Gods. (Enhancement of BD8010)

EN_00304854_0212
EN_00304854_0212

Newton analyzing the Ray of light. Colorized version of 9L6458.

EN_00304854_0211
EN_00304854_0211

A wood engraving of Aristotle (384-322 BC), the ancient Greek philosopher who wrote on everything from poetry to physics, rhetoric, logic, zoology, biology and government. His many works include 'Nicomachean Ethics' and 'Poetics.' Colorized version of 9A8252.

EN_00304854_0209
EN_00304854_0209

Sir Isaac Newton, President of the Royal Society and an English mathematician, philosopher, and scientist. Colorized version of 9A8188.

EN_00304854_0207
EN_00304854_0207

Johann Kepler (1571-1630), German astronomer. Kepler formulated the three fundamental laws of planetary motion based on the detailed observations of the planets made by Tycho Brahe. The first of these laws concerned the orbits of planets, which Kepler showed to be elliptical and not circular as previous held. Colorized version of 9A8154.

EN_00304854_0137
EN_00304854_0137

David Brewster (1781-1868), Scottish physicist. Brewster was a child prodigy, and studied for the ministry of the Church of Scotland. Because he was afraid of speaking in public, he turned instead to the study of optics. He received an award in 1816 for his equation for Brewster's Angle, an angle to maximize reflected light polarization. His other advances in optics included the polyzonal lens (1811) that improved lighthouse lights. He is best remembered for his invention, in 1816, of the kaleidoscope. Millions of the toys were sold. His work on polarization has numerous applications in fiber optics, lasers, microscopy and radio. He was knighted in 1832. Colored Version of BD8006.

EN_00304854_0132
EN_00304854_0132

Illustration of Pierre Curie (1859-1906), a French physicist renowned for his study of crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. Colored Version of BD5963.

EN_00304854_0032
EN_00304854_0032

A portrait of Copernicus, the astronomer.

EN_00304854_0012
EN_00304854_0012

Johannes Kepler, German astronomer (1571-1630). Kepler devised the three fundamental laws of planetary motion. These laws were based on detailed observations of the planets made by Tycho Brahe and himself. Kepler's first law states that the planets orbit the Sun in elliptical paths, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. The second law states that the closer a planet comes to the Sun, the faster it moves. Kepler's third law states that the ratio of the cube of a planet's mean distance from the Sun to the square of its orbital period is a constant. Newton used these ideas to formulate his theory of gravity.

EN_00945779_3078
EN_00945779_3078

Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematical genius who died 100 years ago, poses in an illustration in front of the observatory which he designed at Goettingen University in Goettingen, Germany on March 8, 1955. Gauss was head astronomer and professor of mathematics at the University. (AP Photo)

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