Novaya Gazeta editor Dmitry Muratov speaks during an interview with The Associated Press at the Novaya Gazeta newspaper, in Moscow, Russia, Thursday, Oct. 7, 2021. The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded to journalists Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov from Philippines and Russia.They were citing for their fight for freedom of expression.The winners were announced Friday by Berit Reiss-Andersen, chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. (AP Photo/Alexander Zemlianichenko, File)

Novaya Gazeta editor Dmitry Muratov, left, and The Ekho Moskvy (Echo of Moscow) radio station's editor-in-chief, Alexei Venediktov walk at the Novaya Gazeta newspaper, in Moscow, Russia, Thursday, Oct. 7, 2021. On Friday, Oct. 8, 2021 the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to journalists Maria Ressa of the Philippines and Dmitry Muratov of Russia for their fight for freedom of expression. (AP Photo/Alexander Zemlianichenko, File)

Journalists wait for the start of a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, speaks during a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, speaks during a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah wins the 2021 Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, speaks during a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah wins the 2021 Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, arrives to give a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah wins the 2021 Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, gives a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah wins the 2021 Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Anders Olsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Literature and member of the Swedish Academy, gives a press conference to comment on the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Anders Olsson, chair of the Nobel Committee for Literature and member of the Swedish Academy, gives a press conference to comment on the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, arrives to give a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, arrives to give a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Books by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are on display at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm after the author was announced as the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Anders Olsson (background), chair of the Nobel Committee for Literature and member of the Swedish Academy, gives a press conference to comment on the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Anders Olsson (background), chair of the Nobel Committee for Literature and member of the Swedish Academy, gives a press conference to comment on the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Mats Malm, Permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy, speaks during a press conference to announce the winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature at the Swedish Academy in Stockholm, on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah won the Nobel Literature Prize, the Swedish Academy said. Gurnah, who grew up on the island of Zanzibar, but who arrived in England as a refugee at the end of the 1960s, was honoured "for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents." (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

An employee holds a copy of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, on Thursday won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

An employee holds a copy of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

Copies of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are displayed at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

Copies of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are displayed at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

Copies of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are displayed at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

An employee holds a copy of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

Copies of "Afterlives" by Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah are displayed at Waterstones bookshop in central London on October 7, 2021. - Tanzanian-born novelist Abdulrazak Gurnah, whose work focuses on colonialism and the trauma of the refugee experience, won the Nobel Literature Prize. (Photo by Tolga Akmen / AFP)

Novaya Gazeta editor Dmitry Muratov is seen at the entrance to the office of the Novaya Gazeta newspaper in Moscow on October 7, 2021. - The Nobel Peace Prize goes to to journalists Maria Ressa (Philippines) and Russian Dmitry Muratov, the Nobel Peace Prize committee announced on October 8, 2021 in Oslo. (Photo by Natalia KOLESNIKOVA / AFP)

Novaya Gazeta editor Dmitry Muratov (R) attends an event to commemorate slain anti-Kremlin Russian reporter Anna Politkovskaya outside the office of the Novaya Gazeta newspaper in Moscow on October 7, 2021. - The Nobel Peace Prize goes to to journalists Maria Ressa (Philippines) and Russian Dmitry Muratov, the Nobel Peace Prize committee announced on October 8, 2021 in Oslo. (Photo by Natalia KOLESNIKOVA / AFP)

Novaya Gazeta editor Dmitry Muratov (R) attends an event to commemorate slain anti-Kremlin Russian reporter Anna Politkovskaya at the office of the Novaya Gazeta newspaper in Moscow on October 7, 2021. - The Nobel Peace Prize goes to to journalists Maria Ressa (Philippines) and Russian Dmitry Muratov, the Nobel Peace Prize committee announced on October 8, 2021 in Oslo. (Photo by Natalia KOLESNIKOVA / AFP)

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded a share of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics to Klaus Hasselmann in acknowledgment of his contribution to ?the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming'. Among Prof. Hasselmann's long list of outstanding achievements, ESA also recognises him as one of the ?fathers' of ESA's first Earth observation mission, ERS-1, which has been key to understanding our changing planet and which paved the way to modern techniques in observing Earth from space. Credit: ESA / eyevine

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, smiles as he is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo), APTOPIX

TOPSHOT - The co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List cheers at the Max Planck Institute in Muehlheim, western Germany on October 6, 2021, prior to a press conference. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Ina Fassbender / AFP)

Students read a news that Syukuro Manabe had won the Nobel Prize in Physics at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Students read a news that Syukuro Manabe had won the Nobel Prize in Physics at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Students read a news that Syukuro Manabe had won the Nobel Prize in Physics at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Students read a news that Syukuro Manabe had won the Nobel Prize in Physics at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Students read a news that Syukuro Manabe had won the Nobel Prize in Physics at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Students read a news that Syukuro Manabe had won the Nobel Prize in Physics at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor attends a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor poses with students after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference with Stephan Fueglistaler (L) and Deborah Prentice after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Nobuko Manabe, wife of Princenton University Meteorologist Professor Sykuro Manabe speaks at her home after Sykuro won a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Nobuko Manabe, wife of Princenton University Meteorologist Professor Sykuro Manabe speaks at her home after Sykuro won a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe (C), Princenton University Meteorologist Professor attends a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe, Princenton University Meteorologist Professor speaks at a news conference after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Nobuko Manabe, wife of Princenton University Meteorologist Professor Sykuro Manabe speaks at her home after Sykuro won a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Nobuko Manabe, wife of Princenton University Meteorologist Professor Sykuro Manabe speaks at her home after Sykuro won a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe (C), Princenton University Meteorologist Professor poses with students after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Syukuro Manabe (C), Princenton University Meteorologist Professor poses with students after winning a share of the 2021 Nobel Prize in physics at the university in New Jersey, the U.S. on Oct. 5, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe, Japanese-born American, pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming. ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

A banner that celebrates Syukuro Manabe's Nobel Prize in Physics is displayed at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

A banner that celebrates Syukuro Manabe's Nobel Prize in Physics is displayed at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

A banner that celebrates Syukuro Manabe's Nobel Prize in Physics is displayed at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

A banner that celebrates Syukuro Manabe's Nobel Prize in Physics is displayed at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

A banner that celebrates Syukuro Manabe's Nobel Prize in Physics is displayed at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

A banner that celebrates Syukuro Manabe's Nobel Prize in Physics is displayed at Prefectural Mishima High School, Mishima's old school, in Shikokuchuo City, Ehime Prefecture on Oct. 6, 2021. 90-year-old Manabe is a Japanese-American meteorologist and climatologist who pioneered the use of computers to simulate global climate change and natural climate variations. Manabe was awarded the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Klaus Hasselmann and Giorgio Parisi for groundbreaking contributions to the "physical modeling of earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming." ( The Yomiuri Shimbun via AP Images )

Goran K Hansson, Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, centre, announces the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, in Stockholm, Sweden, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Professor Pernilla Wittung-Stafhede, is seated at left and Professor Peter Somfai at right. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an ??singenious??? new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed ??sasymmetric organocatalysis.??? Goran Hansson of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Wednesday that work has already had a significant impact on pharmaceutical research. (Claudio Bresciani/TT New Agency via AP)

A view of the screen as the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry are announced, in Stockholm, Sweden, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an ??singenious??? new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed ??sasymmetric organocatalysis.??? Goran Hansson of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said Wednesday that work has already had a significant impact on pharmaceutical research. (Claudio Bresciani/TT New Agency via AP)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, smiles as he is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, smiles as he is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

German Chemist Benjamin List poses for a photo, in Amsterdam, Netherlands, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an ??singenious??? and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan has allowed scientists to produce those molecules more cheaply, efficiently, safely ??" and with significantly less environmental impact. (AP Photo/Michael Corder)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, is interviewed outside the Frick Chemistry Laboratory and Department of Chemistry at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

German scientist Benjamin List drinks champagne as arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List waves out of a car as he arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List waves out of a car as he arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List poses next to a poster with a medal of Alfred Nobel as arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List drinks champagne as arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner), APTOPIX

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List cheers to the employees on the balcony after he arrived at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List celebrates with champagne after he arrived at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List is pictured after he arrived at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, second from right, speaks during a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, holds a glass of champagne following a news conference at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, right, leaves a news conference with family at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

David W.C. MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, right, leaves a news conference with family at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born MacMillan was awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make a variety of compounds, including medicines and pesticides. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

From left, Princeton University Nobel Prize laureates Eric Francis Wieschaus, biologist, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., astrophysicist, David W.C. MacMillan, Duncan Haldane, physicist, Angus Deaton, economist, and Christopher Sims, economist, raise a glass in honor of MacMillan, one of two winners of the Nobel Prize for chemistry, at Princeton University, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021, in Princeton, N.J. The work of Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan were awarded for finding an "ingenious" and environmentally cleaner way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. (AP Photo/John Minchillo)

German scientist Benjamin List arrives at the Max-Planck-Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, Germany, Wednesday, Oct. 6, 2021 after he was informed about winining the Nobel Prize for chemistry. Two scientists have won the Nobel Prize for chemistry for finding an "ingenious" new way to build molecules that can be used to make everything from medicines to food flavorings. Benjamin List of Germany and Scotland-born David W.C. MacMillan developed "asymmetric organocatalysis." (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

(L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede, Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai address a press conference to announce the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (On diplay L-R) Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - (On diplay L-R) Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede, Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai address a press conference to announce the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (On display L-R) Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede, Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai address a press conference to announce the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (On display L-R) Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai address a press conference to announce the co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (On display) Germany's Benjamin List, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (On display), at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (On display), at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

A screen displays the co-winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (L) and David MacMillan of the United States, during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

A screen displays the co-winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (L) and David MacMillan of the United States, during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

A screen displays the co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

A screen displays the co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede, Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai address a press conference to announce the co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (On display) at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede, Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai address a press conference to announce the winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, (On display L-R) Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

A screen displays the co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List during a press conference at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (On display), at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Bottom L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, David MacMillan of the United States (On display), at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of co-winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germany's Benjamin List (On display), at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of the co-winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of the co-winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of the co-winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)

(Back L-R) Member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Pernilla Wittung Stafshede and Goran K Hansson, Secretary General of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences look on as member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry Peter Somfai speaks during a press conference on the work of the co-winners of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden, on October 6, 2021. - Germany's Benjamin List and David MacMillan of the United States on October 6, 2021 won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction, the jury said. The duo was awarded "for their development of a precise new tool for molecular construction: organocatalysis. This has had a great impact on pharmaceutical research, and has made chemistry greener," the Nobel Committee said. (Photo by Jonathan NACKSTRAND / AFP)