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Count Rumford (1753-1814), born Benjamin Thompson, English-American physicist and reformer. Born in Massachusetts, he joined the army at 18, acting as a secret agent for the British. He fled to England in 1776 and studied projectiles. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1779. After a brief return to America, he was knighted, and appointed adviser to the Elector of Bavaria. there he reformed the army, set up welfare schemes for the poor, bred stronger horses and cattle and laid out the English Garden in Munich. He also showed, by studying the boring of cannons, that heat was due to the motion of particles in a body.
Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875), British inventor. He is best known for the Wheatstone Bridge, a device for determining the resistance of an electrical component. Wheatstone was a child prodigy, and by 15 he was translating French, including a book on electricity by Volta. Aged 19, he took over the family business of making musical instruments, but devoted his time to experiments rather than business. He made important contributions to spectroscopy, telegraphy, the physics of electricity, and even cryptography.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882), English naturalist and author of the Origin of Species. He suggested that natural variation in a species creates a wide range of individual characteristics some of which are more useful than others. The competition to survive in nature provides adriving force for evolution in the form of natural selection, a mechanism which weeds out those individuals possessing traits less suitable to the enviroment. The implications of his theory to man's own origins fuelled a bitter controversy with the church. Stipple engraving by C.H. Jeens from a photograph by O.G. Rejlander, about 1874.
Claudius Ptolemy (AD c100-170), Greek-Egyptian astronomer, geographer and mathematician at his observatory in Alexandria, Egypt. Among the instruments seen here are Ptolemy's rulers (lower center) and a copper disc (far right), which he used to demonstrate the law of reflection. At this observatory Ptolemy made the observations that supported Earth-center models of solar and planetary motion. This view dominated astronomical thinking until the mid 16th century. Engraving from Vies des Savants Illustres (1877).
Claudius Ptolemy (AD c100-170), Greek-Egyptian astronomer, geographer and mathematician at his observatory in Alexandria, Egypt. Among the instruments seen here are Ptolemy's rulers (lower center) and a copper disc (far right), which he used to demonstrate the law of reflection. At this observatory Ptolemy made the observations that supported Earth-center models of solar and planetary motion. This view dominated astronomical thinking until the mid 16th century. Engraving from Vies des Savants Illustres (1877).
Claude-Louis Berthollet (1748-1822), French doctor and chemist. Berthollet graduated in medicine, but by 1780 his work in the new science of chemistry led to his admission to the French Academy of Sciences. Berthollet supported the theories of Lavoisier, but correctly disagreed with him by proposing that some acids do not contain oxygen. His book Essai de statique chimique (1803) was the first systematic work on chemical physics. He also worked on a wide range of chemicals, as well as dyes and gunpowder. Berthollet was a friend of Napoleon Bonaparte and was made a count (Comte Berthollet), but in 1814 he helped depose Napoleon as Emperor, 'for the good of France'. 19th-century engraving.
